Oleh : Arafah Pramasto,S.Pd.
(Penulis Buku Kesejarahan Berdomisili di Palembang)
SWARNANEWS.CO.ID |Ia bernama lengkap Abu Nasr Muhammad Al-Farabi. Ada yang menyebut silsilah lengkapnya sebagai Abu Nasr Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Tharkhan. Ayahnya adalah orang Persia yang menikahi wanita Turkestan sehingga ia terkadang disebut keturunan Persia, dan terkadang disebut keturunan Turkestan. Masa kecilnya tidak begitu banyak dicatat dalam sejarah. Hal ini menyebabkan masa kecil dan remajanya masih samar-samar hingga kini. Diyakini bahwa ayahnya yang menjadi perwira tentara, hal itu membuatnya sering berpindah-pindah tempat tinggal. Sebelum menjadi seorang cendekiawan yang mapan pun, ia dikenal sangat bersemangat mencari ilmu meski harus pindah dari satu tempat ke tempat lain.
Ia juga terkenal sangat mumpuni di bidang kebahasaan seperti bahasa Persia, Kurdistan, dan Turkestan. Kemudian ia pindah ke Baghdad guna menjadi murid Abu Bisyr Mattiyus / Bisyr Matta Bin Yunus untuk belajar ilmu logika.
Cendekiawan ini kemudian pindah ke Aleppo dan mendapatkan kedudukan tinggi dari pemimpin setempat. Ialah Safiuddin Al-Hamadani dari Bani Ikhsyid sebagai penguasa Aleppo pada 333 H. Penguasa ini pernah mengajak Al-Farabi untuk mendampinginya menyerang Damaskus. Setelah berhasil, Al-Farabi amat dimuliakan. Ia menghabiskan sisa hidupnya di Damaskus dengan bertemu banyak ulama dan pemikir sebagai imbalan yang diberikan Safiuddin kepadanya. Dalam berbagai riwayat disebutkan bahwa banyak karya Al-Farabi yang ditulis di masa kepindahannya dari Baghdad ke Damaskus. Periode ini dianggap sebagai titik kematangan pemikiran Al-Farabi.
Telah disebutkan diatas tentang kedekatannya dengan pemimpin sekelas Safiuddin Al-Hamadani, dan nampaknya hal ini menjadi pengaruh atas penulisan karyanya yang fundamental dalam masalah politik, yaitu Al-Siyasah Al-Madaniyah (Politik Kenegaraan), dan Ara’ul Ahlul Madinah Al-Fadhilah (Pikiran Penduduk Negeri Utama). Pada masa hidup Al-Farabi kala itu tentunya sistem monarkhi absolut dianut oleh hampir seluruh negeri di dunia. Tetapi ia telah memikirkan tentang “Kebahagiaan tertinggi” untuk penduduk “Negeri Utama” atau “Al-Madinah Al-Fadhilah” yang ia gagaskan. Bisa dibilang pendapat Al-Farabi cenderung terlalu “Sosialis” di masanya. Karenanya, pemikiran cendekiawan ini benar-benar menjadi pembanding untuk bentuk monarkhi absolut. Dr. A. Lysen menyebut sistem ini – monarkhi absolut – dengan sindiran, “Seluruh pergaulan hidup digunakan untuk kepentingan manusia yang seorang itu saja (Raja / Kaisar –Pen).”
Dua buah karya Al-Farabi itu memiliki keasamaan dengan Republik karangan Plato. Memang dalam soal-soal kemasyarakatan, diantara filososf-filosof Yunani, Plato memiliki pengaruh besar kepada filosof-filosof Islam. Di sisi lainnya Al-Farabi juga punya kesamaan pendapat dengan Aristoteles dalam memandang individu yang baginya mempunyai watak sosial dan ketidakmampuan memenuhi semua kebutuhan. Al-Farabi mengupas tentang kemampuan praktis manusia seperti kehendak (will) dan hasrat (desire). Hasrat dipahami sebagai kesukaan manusia pada rangsangan inderawi / khayali. Ini terjadi pada manusia dan hewan. Sedangkan kehendak memerlukan pertimbangan dan pemikiran, ini khusus berlaku pada manusia saja. Dari dasar ini kemudian membentuk pola interaksi antar-individu dalam masyarakat. Interaksi ini dibina secara minor melalui individu kemudian akan terbentuk seperti anggota-anggota badan dimana apabila salah satunya menderita maka anggota lainnya akan menderita pula. Kebahagiaan pribadi harus ada di dalam masyarakat yang baik.
Seperti Plato, Al-Farabi mengungkapkan bahwa bagian-bagian suatu negeri sangat erat hubungannya satu sama lain dan saling bekerja sama. Nilai ideal Negeri Utama bagi Al-Farabi dimulai secara fundamental-general adalah kerjasama sosial. Kerjasama sosial dari segi cakupannya dapat dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu : 1) kerjasama antara penduduk dunia secara umum (Ma’murah), 2) kerjasama dalam satu komunitas(Ummah), 3) kerjasama antara penduduk negeri (Madinah). Ia melihat bahwa negeri adalah tempat terbaik bagi manusia untuk mencapai kesempurnaannya. Kebahagiaan dalam sebuah negeri dapat dengan mudah dicapai karena sikap kooperatif para penduduknya sebagai tatanan organik di dalamnya.
Menurutnya, penduduk Negeri Utama harus dibagi dalam kelompok-kelompok atau semacam kelas-kelas sosial. Diferensiasi kelas tersebut didasarkan pada kelebihan-kelebihan, kecenderungan-kecenderungan alamiah, dan kebiasaan-kebiasaan dari masing-masing individu yang tergabung di dalamnya. Berdasarkan pertimbangan-pertimbangan itu maka tercipta kelompok yang layak memerintah dan diperintah. Pembagian ini bersifat hierarkhis seperti fungsi-fungsi organ tubuh. Ada yang tinggi, sedang, dan rendah. Semua bagian memainkan peran masing-masing agar tercipta keseimbangan : inilah harmoni bagi Negeri Utama.
Sekalipun mempertahankan hierarkhi, namun tujuannya ialah efektivitas sosial. Ahmad Hanafi, M.A. menegaskan bahwa kesamaan pemikiran Plato dan Al-Farabi terlihat dalam bentuk Republik-nya. Hal yang terpenting selain masalah horizontal (sosial) dalam Negeri Utama Al-Farabi ialah masalah kepemimpinan / pemerintahan (vertikal). Al-Farabi memberikan kategorisasi pemimpin, ia membagi dalam tiga jenis pemimpin dan kapasitasnya yaitu : 1) pemimpin tertinggi yang memiliki kapasitas pemandu dan penasihat; ia tidak butuh panduan dan nasihat, 2) pemimpin sub-ordinat yaitu pemimpin yang juga dipimpin ; mampu memandu dan menasihati namun masih membutuhkan bimbingan, 3) objek kekuasaan, yaitu mereka-mereka yang dipimpin secara penuh karena tidak memiliki kapasitas memimpin dan masih butuh panduan serta nasihat. Kategorisasi ini digunakan olehnya untuk menjelaskan struktur pejabat negara. Mengetahui gagasan politik Al-Farabi tentang “Negeri Utama” adalah sesuatu yang amat penting. Seyyed Hossein Nasr menyebut Al-Farabi sebagai pendiri filsafat politik Islam. Hossein Ziai menambahkan bahwa Al-Farabi bukan saja mengadopsi pemikiran Plato, tetapi secara kreatif mengharmonisasikannya dengan epistemologi Aristotelian, prinsip-prinsip ontologi dan kosmologi dalam batas bingkai agama Islam. Demikian ini yang perlu kita ingat tentang sosok Al-Farabi dan pemikiran politiknya.
Editor: Sarono PS
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